Geo Engineering Projects and Documents Library Thread

[zorgon]

Geo Engineering Projects and Documents Library Thread

Burntheships has been posting a lot of threads at ATS about geo-engineering, the new term that includes/replaces "chemtrails"  A search using geo-engineering or global dimming will get you better results and actual projects and scienetific studies.

BST has been copying her work to a workshop here and when it is ready it will be presented.  In the meantime I started this library to add papers. etc that I find in between other projects.

I want to start with one that is very interesting and unusual, the British solution to using airplanes making "chemtrails" The testing is already underway

Geo-Engineering using Giant Balloons

Seems the British intend to use giant balloons for spraying chemicals and particle into the stratosphere instead of airplanes making chemtrails. Looks like the prototype is already being tested

A balloon the size of Wembley and the world's longest hose... can this stop global warming?
Hose pipe would shoot particles into the atmosphere like erupting volcano

Floating 12 miles above our heads, this Wembley Stadium-sized helium  balloon tethered to a ship may one day help save the planet from global warming.  British scientists are investigating whether an ordinary hosepipe can be used to shoot particles into the atmosphere – like an erupting volcano – and cool down Earth.  A prototype balloon has been built and will be hoisted into the air next month from a disused airfield in Norfolk in a £200,000 experiment.

They say just ten balloons – pouring ten million tons of material into the stratosphere every year – could achieve a 2c drop in global temperature in two years.

Next month’s test will use a smaller, 62ft balloon, suspended about half a mile above the ground and using a hose to pump out harmless water droplets to see if the technology works.

Details of the £1.6million three-year project, funded by a Government grant, were presented at the British Science Festival at the University of Bradford.

A balloon the size of Wembley and the world's longest hose... can this stop global warming?


<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-2j_-jBVvE" target="_blank">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-2j_-jBVvE</a>

Stadium-sized artificial floating volcano aims to fix Earth's climate
By Mark Brown - 02 September 11

Climatologists are about to embark on a major experiment in geoengineering -- where humans deliberately manipulate the Earth's natural systems to offset the impacts of climate change -- with an artificial volcano floating miles above the Earth.

Volcanoes belch chemical particles into the atmosphere, which reflect solar radiation and reduce surface temperatures on the planet. Researchers from various UK universities want to mimic this activity by spraying out sulphate aerosol particles from a 20km-high, stadium-sized balloon.

It might sound like the barmy plan of a comic supervillian, but the concept is serious. The Cambridge, Oxford, Reading and Bristol universities' SPICE proposal -- aka Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate Engineering -- received a £1.6 million government grant and EPSRC backing in 2010.

Stadium-sized artificial floating volcano aims to fix Earth's climate

Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate Engineering (SPICE)

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Geoengineering would turn blue skies whiter
June 2012 by Jeff Hecht


Brighter, hazier future? (Image: KeystoneUSA-ZUMA/Rex Features )

Blue skies would fade to hazy white if geoengineers inject light-scattering aerosols into the upper atmosphere to offset global warming. Critics have already warned that this might happen, but now the effect has been quantified.

Releasing sulphate aerosols high in the atmosphere should in theory reduce global temperatures by reflecting a small percentage of the incoming sunlight away from the Earth. However, the extra particles would also scatter more of the remaining light into the atmosphere. This would reduce by 20 per cent the amount of sunlight that takes a direct route to the ground, and it would increase levels of softer, diffuse scattered light, says Ben Kravitz of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Stanford, California.

That would have knock-on effects for life – and human technology. The reduction in direct sunlight would impact the solar industry, which relies on direct sunlight to generate much of its power. But the increased indirect sunlight would boost photosynthesis beneath tree canopies. The most visible effect, though, would be above us.

The blue colour of the clear sky comes from light being scattering by molecules in the air. The scattering is much stronger for short blue wavelengths than for longer red wavelengths. Aerosol particles are much larger than molecules in the air, however, and they scatter red light more strongly, which washes out the blue light scattered by smaller molecules and makes the sky brighter and whiter.

Geoengineering would turn blue skies whiter  - New Scientist

[zorgon]

Carnegie Institute Calls For Spraying Aerosols To Block The Sun

Paul Joseph Watson
Infowars.com
Thursday, June 7, 2012

A Carnegie Institution for Science proposal to spray aerosol particles into the upper atmosphere to block out the sun and “tackle global warming” would turn sunny blue skies into a hazy white, a process that many contend is already taking place via the chemtrails phenomenon.

“Blue skies would fade to hazy white if geoengineers inject light-scattering aerosols into the upper atmosphere to offset global warming. Critics have already warned that this might happen, but now the effect has been quantified,”reports New Scientist.

“Releasing sulphate aerosols high in the atmosphere should in theory reduce global temperatures by reflecting a small percentage of the incoming sunlight away from the Earth. However, the extra particles would also scatter more of the remaining light into the atmosphere. This would reduce by 20 per cent the amount of sunlight that takes a direct route to the ground, and it would increase levels of softer, diffuse scattered light, says Ben Kravitz of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Stanford, California.”

However, far from being a mere proposal, an abundance of evidence clearly suggests that geoengineering projects focused around loading the upper atmosphere with particles, with complete disregard for the health and environmental side-effects, are already taking place.

Carnegie Institute Calls For Spraying Aerosols To Block The Sun - Alex Jones

[zorgon]

April 15, 2008
Unilateral Geoengineering
Non-technical Briefing Notes for a Workshop

At the Council on Foreign Relations
Washington DC, May 05, 2008
Katharine Ricke, M. Granger Morgan and Jay Apt, Carnegie Mellon
David Victor, Stanford
John Steinbruner, University of Maryland

Summary

There are a variety of strategies, such as injecting light-reflecting particles into the
stratosphere, that might be used to modify the Earth’s atmosphere-ocean system in an
attempt to slow or reverse global warming. All of these "geoengineering" strategies
involve great uncertainty and carry significant risks. They may not work as expected,
imposing large unintended consequences on the climate system. While offsetting
warming, most strategies are likely to leave other impacts unchecked, such as
acidification of the ocean, the destruction of coral reefs, and changes in composition of
terrestrial ecosystems. Yet, despite uncertain and very negative potential consequences,
geoengineering might be needed to avert or reverse some dramatic change in the climate
system, such as several meters of sea level rise that could impose disaster on hundreds of
millions of people.

Unlike the control of greenhouse gas emissions, which must be undertaken by all major
emitting nations to be effective and is likely to be costly, geoengineering could be
undertaken quickly and unilaterally by a single party, at relatively low cost. Unilateral
geoengineering, however, is highly likely to impose costs on other countries and run risks
with the entire planet’s climate system.

This workshop will focus on the question of strategies for constraining and shaping
geoengineering. We will explore formal, legal strategies as well as informal efforts to
create norms that could govern testing and deployment of geoengineering systems and
their possible undesirable consequences. We will probe whether it is possible to limit the
use of geoengineering to circumstances of collective action by the international
community in the face of true global emergencies and what might happen when there are
disputes over when the emergency “trigger” should be pulled.

Unilateral Geoengineering - [PDF][Archived]

[zorgon]

NOT A Contrail

[zorgon]

Management of trade-offs in geoengineering through optimal choice of non-uniform radiative forcing

Solar radiation management could be used to offset some or all anthropogenic radiative forcing, with the goal of reducing some of the associated climatic change1, 2. However, the degree of compensation will vary, with residual climate changes larger in some regions than others. Similarly, the insolation reduction that best compensates climate changes in one region may not be the same as for another, leading to concerns about equity3. Here we show that optimizing the latitudinal and seasonal distribution of solar reduction can improve the fidelity with which solar radiation management offsets anthropogenic climate change. Using the HadCM3L general circulation model, we explore several trade-offs. First, residual temperature and precipitation changes in the worst-off region can be reduced by 30% relative to uniform solar reduction, with only a modest impact on global root-mean-square changes; this has implications for moderating regional inequalities. Second, the same root-mean-square residual climate changes can be obtained with up to 30% less insolation reduction, implying that it may be possible to reduce solar radiation management side-effects and risks (for example, ozone depletion if stratospheric sulphate aerosols are used). Finally, allowing spatial and temporal variability increases the range of trade-offs to be considered, raising the question of how to weight different objectives.

Figure 1: Solar reduction forcing patterns and motivation.
a, Spatial (L0, L1, and L2 for uniform, linear and quadratic) and seasonal variations (S0 for uniform and S1–S4 for each season). These are normalized to 1% average solar reduction in plotting responses in b, which illustrates the trade-of…


Figure 2: The trade-off between minimizing the global-r.m.s. normalized temperature and precipitation changes, and minimizing the worst-case change over any grid-cell.

Both are expressed in number of standard deviations of inter-annual variability; the end-points of each line indicate the minimum of each metric with no weighting on the other. With uniform solar reduction, the worst-case is minimized by i…


Figure 3: Trade-offs between different objectives.
a, Minimizing r.m.s. normalized temperature, precipitation, or some combination. b, Maximizing Northern Hemisphere September sea ice extent and minimizing combined r.m.s. normalized temperature and precipitation residuals. Both trade-offs…

http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate1722.html

Sorry no free copy yet...

[zorgon]

Governing Geoengineering Research: A Political and Technical Vulnerability Analysis of Potential Near-Term Options

Solar radiation management could be used to offset some or all anthropogenic radiative forcing, with the goal of reducing some of the associated climatic change1, 2. However, the degree of compensation will vary, with residual climate changes larger in some regions than others. Similarly, the insolation reduction that best compensates climate changes in one region may not be the same as for another, leading to concerns about equity3. Here we show that optimizing the latitudinal and seasonal distribution of solar reduction can improve the fidelity with which solar radiation management offsets anthropogenic climate change. Using the HadCM3L general circulation model, we explore several trade-offs. First, residual temperature and precipitation changes in the worst-off region can be reduced by 30% relative to uniform solar reduction, with only a modest impact on global root-mean-square changes; this has implications for moderating regional inequalities. Second, the same root-mean-square residual climate changes can be obtained with up to 30% less insolation reduction, implying that it may be possible to reduce solar radiation management side-effects and risks (for example, ozone depletion if stratospheric sulphate aerosols are used). Finally, allowing spatial and temporal variability increases the range of trade-offs to be considered, raising the question of how to weight different objectives.

Warning: Dot Mil Ahead
Full PDF Copy DTIC

[zorgon]

WORLDWIDE EMERGING ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AFFECTING THE U.S .MILITARY
Contract No: DAAD19-02-D-0001/ Delivery Order 0456 with Battelle Columbus Operations for the U.S. ArmyEnvironmental Policy Institute
NOVEMBER 2007 REPORT

Note to Readers: Pages 1-14 comprise the summary and analysis of this report. Expanded details
for some items are in the Appendix beginning on page 15.

Item 1. UN Establishes the International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management
Item 2. International Norms Led by IAEA Are Needed to Stop Smuggling of Nuclear Materials and Nuclear Proliferation
Item 3. UNEP and South Korea to Help North Korea’s Environmental Management
Item 4. Climate Change Issues May Have Determined Australian Election
Item 5. UK to Establish an Independent Climate Committee
Item 6. Reducing Military Footprint with Solar Energy at 30 Cents per Watt

Item 7. Updates on Previously Identified Issues
  7.1 OSCE Adopts Ministerial Declaration on Environment and Security
  7.2 Negotiations Continue for an International Instrument to Ban Cluster Munitions
  7.3 Middle East Biosecurity Assessed
  7.4 Air Travel in the EU to Join the Carbon Emissions Trading System by 2011
  7.5 Depleted Uranium Environmental Concerns Resurfacing
  7.6 China’s Emergency Response Law to Punish Falsifying Environmental Information
  7.7 London Convention Might be Expanded to Include Ocean-based Geoengineering
  7.8 Global Health SecurityInitiative Upgrades Its Strategic Policy Process
  7.9 Climate Change
     7.9.1 Number and Intensity of Natural Disasters is Rapidly Increasing.
     7.9.2 Melting Glaciers and Sea Ice
     7.9.3 Rising Sea Levels Impacts in the UK and Alaska
     7.9.4 Adaptation
     7.9.5 Post-Kyoto Negotiations
  7.10 New UN Office Using Space Technology to Assist Mitigation of Disasters
  7.11 Nanotechnology Safety Issues

Item 8. Reports Suggested for Review
  8.1 The Link between Climate Change and Conflict
  8.2 The Environmental Dimension of Asian Security

Appendix

Warning: Dot Mil Ahead
FULL PDF VERSION