COSMIC SECRETS
The Enigmas on Earth
Impact Craters on Earth
Impact Craters
North America
Part Two
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Chesapeake Bay Crater
Virginia, USA
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The Chesapeake Bay impact crater was formed by a bolide that impacted the eastern shore of North America about 35.5 million years ago, in the late Eocene epoch. It is one of the best-preserved "wet-target" or marine impact craters, and the second largest impact crater in the U.S. Continued slumping of sediments over the rubble of the crater have helped shape Chesapeake Bay.
Image Credit: USGS

Formation and aftermath

During the warm, late Eocene, sea levels were high, and the Tidewater region of Virginia lay in the coastal shallows. The shore of eastern North America, about where Richmond, Virginia is today, was covered with dense tropical rainforest, and the waters of the gently sloping continental shelf were rich with marine life that was depositing dense layers of lime from their microscopic shells.

The bolide impacted at a speed of many kilometers per second, punching a deep hole through the sediments and into the granite continental basement rock. The bolide itself was completely vaporised, with the basement rock being fractured to depths of 8 kilometers, and a 'peak ring' being raised around it. The deep crater, 38 km across, is surrounded by a flat-floored terrace-like ring trough with an outer edge of collapsed blocks forming ring faults. The entire circular crater is about 85 km in diameter and 1.3 km deep, an area twice the size of Rhode Island, and nearly as deep as the Grand Canyon.

The surrounding region suffered massive devastation. USGS scientist David Powars, one of the impact crater's discoverers, has described the immediate aftermath: "Within minutes, millions of tons of water, sediment, and shattered rock were cast high into the atmosphere for hundreds of miles along the East Coast." An enormous seismic tsunami engulfed the land and possibly even overtopped the Blue Ridge Mountains. The sedimentary walls of the crater progressively slumped in, widened the crater, and formed a layer of huge blocks on the floor of the ring-like trough. The slump blocks were then covered with the rubble or 'breccia'. The entire bolide event, from initial impact to the termination of breccia deposition lasted only a few hours or days. In the perspective of geological time, the 1.2 km-thick breccia is an instantaneous deposit. The crater was then buried by additional sedimentary beds that have accumulated during the 35 million years following the impact.

Another, smaller bolide impact site, the Toms Canyon impact crater, lies about 200 miles to the northeast, on the continental shelf off the coast of New Jersey. Having also been dated to the late Eocene, it is possible that this crater may have been formed in the same impact event as the Chesapeake Bay crater.

Discovery

Until 1983, no one suspected the existence of such a crater buried 300–500 meters beneath the lower part of the Chesapeake Bay and its surrounding peninsulas. The first hint was a 20 centimeter-thick layer of ejecta that turned up in a drilling core taken off Atlantic City, New Jersey, far to the north. The layer contained the fused glass beads called tektites and shocked quartz grains that are unmistakable signs of a bolide impact.

In 1993, oil exploration revealed the extent of the crater.

Effects on local rivers

The continual slumping of the rubble within the crater has affected the flow of the rivers and shaped the Chesapeake Bay. The impact crater created a long-lasting topographic depression, which helped predetermine the course of local rivers and the eventual location of Chesapeake Bay. Most important for present-day inhabitants of the area, the impact disrupted aquifers. The present freshwater aquifers lie above a deep salty brine, making the entire lower Chesapeake Bay area susceptible to groundwater contamination. - Source: Wikipedia
Pingualuit Crater (Nouveau / New Quebec, Chubb)
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 Courtesy Energy Mines and Resources, Canada
The Pingualuit crater (also known as the Nouveau / New Quebec or Chubb crater) lies near the northern tip of the Ungava peninsula, Quebec, Canada (Lat 61° 17' N, Long 75° 40' W). It is a classic example of a simple relatively small crater. It is about 3.4 km in diameter and almost perfectly circular with a raised rim up to 163 metres above the lake surface in the central flooded depression. The lake is 252 metres deep, the deepest in Quebec. The crater, which occurs in crystalline shield rocks, was first recognised as an impact structure in 1950. The impact that produced this crater occurred about 1.4 million years ago, that is just before the glaciers covered this area  (Courtesy Geological Survey of Canada) - Source
Canadian Impact Structures
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 Courtesy Richard Grieve, Geological Survey of Canada
The map shows the locations of meteorite impact structures recognised in Canada. An updated list of Canadian impact sites is included in the annual Observer's Handbook of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. - Source
Kara-Kul Impact Structure
Eastern Tajikistan
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Near the center of this scene is the mountain lake Kara-Kul, located in eastern Tajikistan, high in the Pamir mountain range near the Afghan border. The 25-kilometer (16 mi) diameter lake sits at an elevation of 6000 meters (20,000 ft) above sea level. Kara-Kul was formed from a meterorite impact approximately 25 million years ago, leaving a crater with a rim diameter of 45 kilometers (28 mi). Islands formed from the central uplift can be seen in the northern and southern parts of the lake. Interestingly, the Kara-Kul impact structure remained unidentified until it was discovered though studies of imagery taken from space.
 

Courtesy: NASA
Clear Water Lakes
Quebec, Canada
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Name Clearwater Lake West
Location 56°13'N, 74°30'W
Rim diameter 32 kilometers (20 miles)
Age 290 +- 20 million years		 Name Clearwater Lake East
Location 56°05'N, 74°07'W
Rim diameter 22 kilometers (13.7 miles)
Age 290 +- 20 million years
These twin circular lakes (large dark features) were formed simultaneously by the impact of an asteroidal pair which slammed into the planet approximately 290 million years ago. The lakes are located near the eastern shore of Hudson Bay within the Canadian Shield in a region of generally low relief in northern Quebec province. Notice that the larger western structure contains a ring of islands with a diameter of about 10 kilometers that surrounds the center of the impact zone. They constitute a central uplifted area and are covered with impact melts. The central peak of the smaller Clearwater Lake East is submerged. The lakes are named after their exceedingly clear water. Also notice that the surrounding terrain shows widespread scarring from glaciation. The multitude of linear and irregular shaped lakes (dark features) are the result of gouging or scouring action caused by the continental ice sheets that once moved across this area.  - Source
 
Courtesy: NASA - Landsat
Chicxulub Crater
Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
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This is the one that got the Dinosaurs

The Chicxulub crater in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, is not visible at the surface of the seafloor. Scientists rely on geophysical images for information about its size and shape. This image shows the variations in the gravity field near the buried impact crater. The image shows ring-like structures that extend to about 280 kilometers (175 miles) from the center.

This crater is believed to have formed when an asteroid struck Earth 65 million years ago. This impact is thought to have triggered fires and tsunamis and created a cloud of dust and water vapor that enveloped the globe in a matter of days, resulting in fluctuating global climate changes. The extreme environmental shifts caused a mass extinction of 75% of Earth's species, including the dinosaurs.

The Chicxulub crater in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, is not visible at the surface of the seafloor. Scientists rely on geophysical images for information about its size and shape. This image shows the variations in the gravity field near the buried impact crater. The image shows ring-like structures that extend to about 280 kilometers (175 miles) from the center.

This crater is believed to have formed when an asteroid struck Earth 65 million years ago. This impact is thought to have triggered fires and tsunamis and created a cloud of dust and water vapor that enveloped the globe in a matter of days, resulting in fluctuating global climate changes. The extreme environmental shifts caused a mass extinction of 75% of Earth's species, including the dinosaurs.

SOURCE: Lunar and Planetary Institute

More Detailed Information: NASA Planetary Journal
PIA03379: Shaded Relief with Height as Color, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

More Information: NASA Near Earth Object Program
Radar image of the southwest portion of the buried Chicxulub impact crater in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
Vredefort Dome
Free State, South Africa
STS-51 I-33-56AA
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This crater consists of a near-circular bay, about 5 kilometers (3 miles) wide and 220 meters (720 feet) deep, in the otherwise shallow Reindeer Lake. Such deep circular lakes are unusual in this region, which is dominated by the shallow gouging of glacial erosion. The circular shoreline, at a diameter of 11 kilometers (6.8 miles), is partially surrounded by a ridge with heights to 100 meters (328 feet) above the lake surface. The diameter of this ridge, ~13 kilometers (8 miles), is likely the outer rim of the impact structure. The structure was formed in Precambrian metamorphic crystalline rocks with a conspicuous northwest trending fabric. Although not obvious from the surface, Deep Bay is a complex impact structure with a low, totally submerged central uplift. Samples obtained in the 1960's from drilling into the central structure revealed shocked and fractured metamorphic rocks flanked by deposits of allocthonous, mixed breccias. (Courtesy NASA/LPI) 
Aorounga Crater
Chad, Africa
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The impact of an asteroid or comet several hundred million years ago left scars in the landscape that are still visible in this spaceborne radar image of an area in the Sahara Desert of northern Chad. The concentric ring structure is the Aorounga impact crater, with a diameter of about 17 kilometers (10.5 miles). The original crater was buried by sediments, which were then partially eroded to reveal the current ring-like appearance. The dark streaks are deposits of windblown sand that migrate along valleys cut by thousands of years of wind erosion. The dark band in the upper right of the image is a portion of a proposed second crater. Scientists are using radar images to investigate the possibility that Aorounga is one of a string of impact craters formed by multiple impacts. Radar imaging is a valuable tool for the study of desert regions because the radar waves can penetrate thin layers of dry sand to reveal details of geologic structure that are invisible to other sensors. The image was acquired by the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) on April 18 and 19, 1994, onboard the space shuttle Endeavour. The area shown is 22 kilometers by 28 kilometers (14 miles by 17 miles) and is centered at 19.1 degrees north latitude, 19.3 degrees east longitude. North is toward the upper right. The colors are assigned to different radar frequencies and polarizations as follows: red is L-band, horizontally transmitted and received; green is C-band, horizontally transmitted and received; and blue is C-band, horizontally transmitted, vertically received. SIR-C/X-SAR, a joint mission of the German, Italian and United States space agencies, is part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth program.

This image is in the public domain and is copyright free. - SOURCE: Solar Views
Roter Kamm
Namibia, South West Africa
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Located in the Namibia Desert, the raised crater rim is clearly visible against darker background vegetation. Target rocks include primarily Precambrian crystalline rocks and modest amounts of younger sedimentary rocks. Outcrops of impact melt breccias are found exclusively on the crater rim. The crater floor is covered by broad, shifting sand dunes. This image shows an oblique view of the crater, from about 150 meters (492 feet) above ground looking southeast. (Courtesy of W. U. Reimold and LPI) 
 

Roter Kamm, SAR-C/X-SAR Image

This space radar image shows the Roter Kamm impact crater. The crater rim is seen as a radar-bright, circular feature. The bright white, irregular feature in the lower left corner is a small hill of exposed rock outcrop. Roter Kamm is a moderate sized impact crater, 2.5 kilometers (1.55 miles) in diameter, and is 130 meters (427 feet) deep. However, its original floor is covered by sand deposits at least 100 meters (328 feet) thick. In a conventional aerial photograph, the brightly colored surfaces immediately surrounding the crater cannot be seen because they are covered by sand. The faint blue surfaces adjacent to the rim might indicate the presence of a layer of rocks ejected from the crater during the impact. The darkest areas are thick, windblown sand deposits which form dunes and sand sheets. The sand surface is smooth relative to the surrounding granite and limestone rock outcrops and appears dark in radar image. The green tones are related primarily to larger vegetation growing on sand soil, and the reddish tones are associated with thinly mantled limestone outcrops. (Courtesy NASA/JPL) 
Mistastin Lake
Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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This shuttle image shows a winter view of the Mistastin Crater, a heavily eroded complex structure. Eastward moving glaciers have drastically reduced the surface expression of this structure, removing most of the impact melt sheet and breccias and exposing the crater floor. Glacial erosion has also imparted an eastward elongation to the crater that is particularly evident in the shape of the lake that occupies the central 10 kilometers (6 miles) of the structure. Horseshoe Island, in the center of the lake, is part of the central uplift and contains shocked Precambrian crystalline target rocks. Just beyond the margins of the lake are vestiges of the impact melt sheet that contains evidence of meteoritic features in quartz, feldspar and diaplectic glasses. (Courtesy NASA/LPI) 
Deep Bay
Saskatchewan, Canada
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This crater consists of a near-circular bay, about 5 kilometers (3 miles) wide and 220 meters (720 feet) deep, in the otherwise shallow Reindeer Lake. Such deep circular lakes are unusual in this region, which is dominated by the shallow gouging of glacial erosion. The circular shoreline, at a diameter of 11 kilometers (6.8 miles), is partially surrounded by a ridge with heights to 100 meters (328 feet) above the lake surface. The diameter of this ridge, ~13 kilometers (8 miles), is likely the outer rim of the impact structure. The structure was formed in Precambrian metamorphic crystalline rocks with a conspicuous northwest trending fabric. Although not obvious from the surface, Deep Bay is a complex impact structure with a low, totally submerged central uplift. Samples obtained in the 1960's from drilling into the central structure revealed shocked and fractured metamorphic rocks flanked by deposits of allocthonous, mixed breccias. (Courtesy NASA/LPI) 

 Image Courtesy ESA
Bosumtwi Crater
Ghana, West Africa
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 Image Courtesy NASA/JPL

This crater is situated in crystalline bedrocks of the West African Shield and is filled almost entirely by Lake Bosumtwi. Chemical, isotopic, and age studies demonstrate that the crater is the most probable source for the Ivory Coast tektites, which are found on land in the Ivory Coast region of central Africa and as microtektites in nearby ocean sediments. In this photo the crater lake is partly obscured by clouds. (Courtesy NASA/LPI) 
 

NASA Space Shuttle image STS 51 I-39-031
Gosses Bluff
Northern Territory, Australia
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142 million years ago, an asteroid or comet slammed into what is now the Missionary Plains in Australia's Northern Territory, forming a crater 24 kilometers in diameter and 5 kilometers deep. Today, like a bull's eye, the circular ring of hills that defines Gosses Bluff stands as a stark reminder of the event. The crater is located just south of MacDonnel Ranges (top of the picture). It is highly eroded. The circular ring of hills (5 kilometers or 3 miles diameter) is actually the results from differential erosion of the central uplift within this large complex crater. The crater rim is eroded to the point that it is no longer visible though it is probably located along the grayish colored drainage system outside the inner ring. (Courtesy USGS) 
Tswaing or Pretoria Salt Pan Crater
South Africa
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 Courtesy of the Canadian Geological Survey
Forty kilometers north of Pretoria lies a ring of hills a kilometer in diameter and 100 meters high. These hills are the walls of an impact crater left by an asteroid which hit there some 200, 000 years ago. The Tswaing crater is similar in size to the well-known Barringer meteor crater in Arizona. The crater walls at Tswaing were originally about twice as high as they are today.

The crater is called Tswaing in seTswana, the local language of the area, or Soutpan in Afrikaans. Both names mean Salt Pan and this derives from the lake of salty water that fills the centre. - SOURCE

The photograph above is taken during the dry season, while the one below is taken during the rainy season. Both show you what it looks like today.

This picture was taken from the rim looking down into the crater. The pan at the bottom has been mined for salt for hundreds of years.
 
Landsat satellite image of the crater and immediate surroundings.
Tenoumer Crater
Mauritania
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Ground Based Panorama

The Tenoumer crater is about 1,900 m in diameter and is located in the western Sahara desert, Mauritania. The crater is almost perfectly round in shape, and the rim is 110 m high from bottom to top. Tenoumer is located on a peneplain consisting of Precambrian gneisses and granites. A thin layer of sediments that are Pliocene or younger covers the Precambrian rocks. Tenoumer is located on top of the Pliocene sediments. Due to the rare occurrence of fused igneous materials outside the crater, (basalt and rhyodacite) a volcanic origin was favored. The origin of the crater Tenoumer by an impact is currently preferred. Basement rocks have been found in outcrops outside of the crater, located in individual bodies up to 20 m long. These rocks are dark grey, vesicular, and contain altered gneiss and granite clasts. Small fractured glass inclusions are also present. Several deformation features have been found at Tenoumer. The most prominent of these is planar deformation features in quartz grains; the presence of lechatelierite (glass), and deformation of biotite, feldspar, and other minerals. - Source
 

Older Aerial Photograph
More Detailed Information:
The "Impact" Craters of Mauritania
Aouelloul, Tenoumer, Temimichat and El Mrayer
by Norbert Brügge, Germany
 Image Courtesy NASA/JPL
Aouelloul Crater
Mauritania
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 Image Courtesy NASA/JPL
Image Courtesy NASA/JPL

The crater Aouelloul is located in the Adrar region of the western Sahara Desert, Mauritania. The crater is one of the smaller known craters, having a diameter of 390 m. The rim is well-defined and rises 15-25 m above the local topography, and 53 m above the crater floor. The crater is located in Ordovician sandstones and quartzite, and is filled with sandy silt and Aeolian sand. Estimates of the thickness of this sedimentary fill are around 23 m...

At Aouelloul, the Os ratios of the glass are extremely similar to those of both chondritic and iron meteorites. This suggests that the Os present in the glass came from a meteorite, as the amount present is much too high to have had a terrestrial origin. An absolute age of 3.1±0.3 million years was obtained by fission track and K-Ar dating of the impact glass... - Source
Temimichat Crater
Mauritania
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 Image Courtesy NASA/JPL

The crater rim is not completely preserved. Large portions are eroded and dissected, or masked by eolian deposits. The rim is mostly formed by granitoid gneisses. The low-lying portions of the rim correspond to the occurrence of gabbroic dikes, which seem to be more easily erodible, with respect to the dominant granitoid bedrock.The crater interior is covered by recent eolian Sediments. Below this surficial cover, sedimentary deposits are likely filling the crater.

 Image Courtesy NASA/JPL

 

New Evidences of an Impact Origin for Temimichat Crater, Mauritania - LPI Pdf
 
Impact Craters
South America
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 Image Courtesy Malin Space Systems

Serra da Cangalha
Brazil
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 Image Courtesy Malin Space Systems

Serra da Cangalha, Brazil

Riachao Ring, Brazil

Araguainha Dome, Brazil

Vista Alegre, Brazil

Vargeão Dome, Brazil

Monturaqui, Chile

Campo del Cielo, Argentina

Rio Cuarto, Argentina
Impact Craters
Australia
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 Image Courtesy Malin Space Systems

Goyder Crater
Northern Territory, Australia
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  Aerial Photo Submitted by Peter Haines
Goyder is an impact structure (or astrobleme), the eroded remnant of a former impact crater. It is situated at latitude 13° 29' S and longitude 135° 02' E in Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory, Australia, and was named after the nearby Goyder River. The impact occurred into Mesoproterozoic sedimentary rocks of the McArthur Basin. The deformed area is exposed at the surface and marked by a 3 km diameter ring of fractured and faulted sandstone, which is interpreted as the eroded relic of a central uplift (material that rebounded within the crater to once form a central peak); the original crater rim, long since removed by erosion, being estimated at approximately 9–12 km diameter. Evidence for an impact origin includes the presence of shatter cones and shocked quartz in outcrops of deformed sandstone at the center of the site. The time of impact cannot be accurately constrained, however, it probably happened more recently than 1325 Ma (middle Mesoproterozoic), which is the age of igneous rocks that are inferred to have been uplifted by the impact based on aeromagnetic evidence, and significantly older than Cretaceous. The site is very remote and difficult to access. - Wikipedia

Spider Crater
Western Australia
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  Aerial Photo NASA
Spider is an impact structure (or astrobleme), the deeply eroded remnant of a former impact crater, situated in the Kimberley Region of northern Western Australia, 18 km east of the Mount Barnett Roadhouse on the Gibb River Road. Due to very rugged terrain the site is effectively inaccessible. The name is derived from the visually striking spider-like radiating ridges of quartzite prominently visible from the air or on satellite images.

The unusual geological structure has been a puzzle since the 1950s, but it was not until shatter cones were discovered it the centre in the late 1970s that it was realized that it was an eroded impact structure. The central area bearing shatter cones is interpreted as the relic of a central uplift with the outer limits of disturbance confined to a subcircular area about 11 x 13 km in diameter; the original crater may have been slightly greater than this due to the depth of erosion. The asymmetry of the structure lead some geologists to conclude that the projectile had a very low angle trajectory from the north or northwest, while others suggest that the asymmetry may be at least partly due to the effect of pre-existing topography.

The age of the Spider impact event is not accurately constrained, but it has been argued it occurred after gentle folding of the Palaeoproterozoic quartzite, but before a regional episode of glacial erosion; if correct it occurred between 900-600 Ma i.e. during the Neoproterozoic.  - Wikipedia

Goat Paddock Crater
Western Australia
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  NASA Space Shuttle Image: STS17-4107-1228 
Goat Paddock Crater
Western Australia
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  NASA Space Shuttle image STS 41D-42-039

 
 
 
Liverpool
Northern Territory		 Goyder
Northern Territory		 Strangways
Northern Territory
Foelsche
Northern Territory		 Lawn Hill
Queensland		 Spider
Western Australia
Goat Paddock
Western Australia		 Piccaninny
Western Australia		 Wolfe Creek
Western Australia
Kelly West
Northern Territory		 Amelia Creek
Northern Territory		 Gosses Bluff
Northern Territory
Henbury
Northern Territory		 Boxhole
Northern Territory		 Mount Toondina
South Australia
Acraman
South Australia		 Tookoonooka
Queensland		 Flaxman
Australia
Crawford
Australia		 Veevers
Western Australia		 Connolly Basin
Western Australia
Glikson
Western Australia		 Shoemaker (Teague)
Western Australia		 Yarrabubba
Western Australia
Dalgaranga
Western Australia		 Woodleigh
Western Australia
ca
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 Image Courtesy NASA/JPL

Thi
ca
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 Image Courtesy NASA/JPL

Thi
Crater List

Barringer Meteor Crater, Arizona
35°02'N, 111°01'W; diameter: 1.186 kilometers (.737 miles); age: 49,000 years

Chicxulub, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
21°20'N, 89°30'W; diameter: 170 km; age: 64.98 million years

Clearwater Lake West, Quebec, Canada
56°13'N, 74°30'W; rim diameter 32 kilometers (20 miles); age 290 +- 20 million years

Clearwater Lake East, Quebec, Canada
56°05'N, 74°07'W; rim diameter 22 kilometers (13.7 miles); age 290 +- 20 million years

Aorounga, Chad, Africa
19°6'N, 19°15'E; diameter: 17 kilometers; age: 200 million years

Wolfe Creek, Australia
19°10' S, 127° 48' E; rim diameter: 0.875 kilometers (.544 miles); age: 300,000 years

Roter Kamm, South West Africa/Namibia
27°46'S, 16°18'E; rim diameter: 2.5 kilometers (1.55 miles); age: 5 +- 0.3 million years

Mistastin Lake, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
55°53'N, 63°18'W; rim diameter: 28 kilometers (17.4 miles); age: 38 +- 4 million years

Manicouagan, Quebec, Canada
51°23'N, 68°42'W; rim diameter: ~100 kilometers (62 miles); age: 212 +- 1 million years

Pingualuit Crater (Nouveau / New Quebec or Chubb Crater)
61° 17' N,75° 40' W: rim diameter: ~3.4 kilometers; age: ~1.4 million years 

Kara-Kul, Eastern Tajikistan
N/A: rim diameter: 45 kilometers (28 miles); age: ~25 million years

Deep Bay, Saskatchewan, Canada
56°24'N, 102°59'W; rim diameter: 13 kilometers (8 miles); age: 100 +- 50 million years

Bosumtwi, Ghana
06°32'N, 01°25'W; rim diameter: 10.5 kilometers (6.5 miles); age: 1.3 +- 0.2 million years

Gosses Bluff, Northern Territory, Australia
23°50'S, 132°19'E; rim diameter: 24 kilometers; age: 142.5 +- 0.5 million years
 

 
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